investigation about cd (ii) immobility in contaminated soils using phosphate fertilizer, heat, and lime (caco3)

introduction cadmium is one of the most important environmental pollutants that can be resulted from different ways. it can easily contaminate soil and water resources. since phosphate ions for stable complexes are available with cations such as pb and cd, so it can cause a decrease in the solubility and mobility of heavy metals in soil. liming is the most widely used treatment that leads to precipitation of the metals as metal–carbonates and significantly decreases the exchangeable fraction of metals in contaminated soils. temperature is also an important factor in stabilization of heavy metals. heat causes loss of water and hydration around cations to move them to empty spaces in clay part of soil. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat and lime, and phosphate application on immobilization of cd in contaminated soil with incubated days.   materials and methods samples of soil were collected from waste mining of angorane in zanjan area. after air-dried and homogenized, they were sieved at about